Minggu, 17 April 2011

TAMAN REKREASI SENAPUTRA

TAMAN REKREASI KOTA MALANG

Taman berasal dari bahasa ibrani yaitu Gan artinya melindungi lahan yang ada dalam suatu lingkungan bepagar, orden berarti kesenangan. Jadi dapat disimpulakan arti sebuah taman adalah sebidang lahan berpagar yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan kesenganan, kegemburaan dan kenyamanan. Kalau kita lihat taman kota berdasarkan rancangannnya dibagi menjadi dua antara lain :

a. Taman alami

Taman alami merupakan taman yang sudah dirancang terkesan alami dan menyatu dengan alam. Taman ini sudah dirancang dan dibentuk sebelumnya dengan penataan tertentu sesuai dengan kondisi lahan yang terdapat di perkotaan misalnya hutan kota.

b. Taman buatan

Taman buatan yang didalamnya banyak elemem manuasia yang fungsinya untuk menyeimbangi kondisi kota dan taman kota tujuannya untuk mengendalikan suhu, panas matahari, pengendali angin, memperbaiki kualitas udara, untuk sarana bermain dan rekreasi.

Kalau berdasarkan aktifitasnya itu dibafi menjai 3 macam yaitu :

a. Taman untuk rekerasi aktif

Taman untuk rekerasi aktif adalah taman yang didalamnya dibangun suatu taman yang fungsinya untuk aktifitas pemakai sehingga dapat memeperolah suatu kesenangan, kesegaran dan lebugaran misalnya taman bermain anak.

b. Taman untuk rekreasi pasif

Taman rekerasi pasif adalah taman yang dibentuk agar dinikmati keindahannya dan kerindangannya tanap ada suatu aktivitas dan kegiatan oleh penggunannya misalnya waduk, hutan buatan jalur hijau.

c. Taman untuk rekreasi aktif dan pasif

Taman untuk rekerasi aktif dan pasif menurut suharto (1999) merupakan taman yang bisa dinikamti keindahan sekaligus ada fungsi lain dan dapat digunakan untuk mengadakan aktivitas misalnya lingkungan. Taman lingkungan atau comuniti park adalah suatu taman yang dibuat dan merupakan bagian dari suatu pemukiman selian rumah ibadah, pasar, sekolah dan lain-lain.

Menurut saya standar taman rekreasi harus memenuhi beberapa elemen taman rekreasi. Ada beberapa elemen taman yang terdiri dari :

a. Material Landscape atau Vegetasi

Yang termasuk dalam elemen lanskap antara lain :

· Pohon merupakan tanaman berkayu berukuran besar dan tegak. Misalnya pohon jati, lamtoro.

· Perdu merupakan jenis tanaman seperti pohon kecail dan batangnya agak tegak dan kurang kokoh contohnya bougenvile, kembang sepatu dsb

· Semak merupakan tanaman kecil yang merambat.

· Rumput merupakan tanaman penghias yang terdapat diatas tanamn misanya rumput gajah, rumput jepang.

b. Material pendukung

· Kolam

Kolam ini biasanya dibangun untuk menambah estetika dan juga menambah kesan kesan dinamis pada tempta tersebut sehingga pengunjung tidak merasakan kebosanan.

· Tebing Buatan

Tebing buatan ini difungsikan memerikan kesan alami pada taman tersebut. Ada beberpa tujuan pengelola taman membuat tebing buata ini ditaman salah satu fungsinya adalah untuk menyembunyikan dinding pemabatas yang licin, agar tidak menyialau pada saat terkena sinar matahari di waktu siang hari.

· Batuan

Batuan ini pada taman biasanya diletakkan terpendam agar terkesan lebih alami dan indah untuk dipandang.

· Gazebo

Gazeboa yang dibangun di taman taman rfekerasi diperuntukkan untuk pengunjung untuk meneduh dan beristirahat sejenak.bahan yang digunakan untuk pembuatan taman tidak perlu mewah yang terpeting memberikan kesan nyaman kepada pengunjung, memberikan kesan keindahan tempat dan bersuasan santai dan akrab.

· Jalan Setapak

Jalan setaoak ini digunaka untuk pejalan kaki di taman yang tujuan agar tidak merusak rumput yang sengaja dipelihara dan merusak tanaman taman.

· Lampu taman

Lampu taman di malam hari memebrikaan kesan urnik digunakan untu suasanna di malam hari sebgai estetika dan penerangan taman di waktu malam hari.

TAMAN REKREASI SENAPUTRA KOTA MALANG

Taman rekerasi senaputra merupakan taman rekrasi kota malang yang terletak di jalan kahuripan. Taman rekreasi senaputra tersebut dikelola oleh yayasan Senaputra. Di dalam taman tersebut tidak hanya taman saja tetapi terdapat taman kanak-kanak, galery seni yang difungsikan dengan tujuan dalam pendidikan taman kanak-kanak. Di dalam taman senaputra tersebut banyak sekali aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh pengunjung untuk berekrasi. Ada diantaranya malakukan aktivitas renang, bermain di taman beramain berasam anak atau hanya sekedar duduk bersantai dengan keluarga.

Untuk tiket masuk ke taman rekreasi senaputra bertempat di bagi menjadi dua yaitu untuk anak seharga 6000 dan untuk orang dewasa 7000. Dengan harga sebesar masyakat atau pengunjung sudah bisa. Taman rekreasi senaputra di desain untuk taman bermain keluarga. Taman senaputra memilki lahan yang sangat luas terutama untuk arena taman bermain anak anak. Taman rekrasi senaputra ini digolongkan untuk taman rekeasi aktif karena terdapat aktivitas masyrakat/pengunjung didalamnya yang melakukan liburan dan mendapat kesenangan dan kenyamanan.Menurut saya taman rekerasi senaputra sudah memiliki standar taman rekerasi yang bagu karena terdapat elemen elemn di dalamnya anatara lain Material Landscape atau Vegetasi (pohon, perdu,rumput) dan material pendukung (kolam, gazebo, jalan setapak)

Kalau dilihat dari luar sebelum kita masuk taman rekeasi ini terlihat biasa saja akan tetapi setelah masuk akan terasa mangasikkan dan menyenangkan karena didalamnya terdapat fasilitas yang bisa digunakan untuk pengunjung melakukan aktiviats liburannya bersama keluarga. Fasilitas yang ada didalamnya kolam renang, taman bermain anak-anak dan orang tua mereka.

Ini merupakan fasilitas yang diberikan oleh Yayasan Senaputra merupa panggung pentas. Bianaya panggung pentas ini digunakan untuk penampilan anak-anak TK senaputra seperti bernyanyi dan menari dalam rangka tertentu. Akan tetapi pada waktu tidak ada event tertentu panggung tersebut tidak digunakan dalam aktivitas apapun.

Jalan setapak ini difungsikan utuk para pengunjung untuk jalan dan bertujuan untuk tidak merusak taman taman yang terdapat di sekitar taman bermain Senaputra . jalan setapak ini dibuat teduh agar pengunjung merasa nyaman tidak khwatir terkena sinar matahari yang panas.

Aktifitas pengunjug biasanya ramai di waktu liburan khusunya untuk hari sabtu dan minggy. Akan tetapi di hari hari biasa pengunjung cenderung liebih sepi bila dibandingkan pada liburan. Hal yang paling sering dilakukan pengujung seprti berenang, bermain di taman bermain, foto-foto, bercanda, ngobrol bersama keluarag atau teman-teman.

Taman senaputra disekitar rumah rumah warga dan terpata toko kecil(warung) yang menjaul makanan ringan.

Selasa, 22 Desember 2009

PESTICIDES SYTHETIC

I. A. K. AFRIDI*
Z. PARVEEN*
S. Z. MASUD*
SUMMARY: This paper presents results of the effects of studied pesticides on amino acids in cotton seeds
and wheat grains stored at the room temperature (30 ± 3°C) after pesticide treatment for one month. Each
sample was analyzed in triplicate along with a control sample. The influence on amino acids, was found to be
variable and significant. The analytical data, obtained by employing amino acid analyzer, showed significant
quantitative variations in amino acids of both the food commodities.
Key Words: Pesticide effects, amino acids.
Chemistry
INTRODUCTION
Many scientists have studied the effects of different
pesticides on total protein in cotton seeds, wheat
grains and in other crops such as maize and soybeans
and found quantitative variations (1-8). The nutritive
value of protein and proteinaceous foods and food
products depends on their amino acids composition
and essential amino acids balance. Effects of some
herbicides on amino acids in soybeans have been
studied and it was reported that lysine increased without
reducing the amount of total protein (9). In another
study, the action of different herbicides on quantitative
and qualitative changes in soils was compared (10).
Wolfson and Shearer (11) investigated variations in the
amino acid composition in grain protein of maize grown
with or without pesticides and standard commercial fertilizers.
Ciszewska et. al. (12) tested six wheat varieties
for effects of different herbicides, and found that results
of protein and lysine varied depending on the year and
the cultivars. Not much work has been reported about
the effects of pesticides on amino acids in cotton seeds
and wheat grains during storage.
Effects of certain organochlorine (OC), organophosphorus
(OP), and synthetic pyrethroid (SP) pesticides,
namely, p,p'-DDT, monocrotophos and cyhalothrin
respectively on cotton seeds and OP compounds
(chlorpyriphos-methyl and pirimiphos-methyl) and SP
one compound namely permethrin on wheat grains
have been studied, evaluated and their results are presented
in this paper. The results were assessed using
analytical data from trial application of studied pesticides
directly to the aforesaid food commodities, stored
for one month in sealed glass jars. Each sample was
analyzed for amino acids in triplicate along with control
sample by employing amino acid analyzer.
* From Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270,
Pakistan.
ORGANOCHLORINE, ORGANOPHOSPHORUS
AND SYNTHETIC PYRETHROID PESTICIDES
AFFECTING AMINO ACIDS IN COTTON SEEDS
AND WHEAT GRAIN DURING STORAGE
Journal of Islamic Academy of Sciences 8:1, 47-52, 1995 47
48 Journal of Islamic Academy of Sciences 8:1, 47-52, 1995
EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON AMINO ACIDS AFRIDI, PARVEEN, MASUD
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The analytical method of Osborne and Voogt (13) was
adapted for the determination of proteins in cotton seeds and
wheat grains. The sample of cotton seeds was taken in three
replicates for each pesticide treatment and transferred to
glass jars. Calculated amounts of monocrotophos (2 ppm),
p,p'-DDT (2 ppm) and cyhalothrin (2 ppm) separately added to
the glass jars and shaken for 3 hours. samples of wheat grain
were also treated with three grain protectants namely chlorpyriphos-
methyl, pirimiphos methyl and permethrin at recommended
dosages i.e., 10, 4 and 2 ppm respectively. The
fortified samples of both the food commodities were allowed to
stand in the sealed glass wars for one month at room temperature
(30 ± 3°C). Each fortified sample was analyzed along
with the control sample. Cotton seeds and wheat grain samples
containing 10-12 mg protein were accurately weighed
and transferred to glass culture tubes and 10 ml 6N HCI was
added. The tubes were evacuated, and sealed. The samples
were hydrolyzed at 110°C for 24 hours and filtered. Filtrates
were evaporated to near dryness by a rotary vacuum evaporator
to remove HCI and the residues in each case were dissolved
in deionized water.
The Chromatographic glass column (10 mm i. d. x 200 mm
long) was prepared with a slurry of ion exchange resin Dowex
50 W-XB (100-200 mesh) in deionized water. A mixture of
studied amino acids which are commonly fond in cotton seeds
and wheat grains, was prepared in deionized water and quantitatively
transferred to the prepared column and allowed to
settle in the column bed. The column was eluted with deionized
water and then with 3.5% ammonia in deionized water.
For complete elution, fractions of 2 ml each were collected
and checked for the presence of amino acid with ninhydrin
reagent till violet color ceased to appear. All 2 ml fractions
were then combined and evaporated nearly to dryness by a
rotary vacuum evaporator to remove ammonia and taken up in
deionized water for amino acid analyzer. A suitable aliquot of
each concentrated volume was subjected to the system of
amino acid analyzed and quantitative recovery of each studied
amino acid was determined.
The concentrated extracts of pesticide cotton seeds and
Table 1: %Age of studied amino acids in cotton seeds after one month treatment with pesticides.
S1
No
Name of amino acid Cotton seed
control
Cotton seed +
Cyhalothrin
Cotton seed +
p,p’ - DDT
Cotton seed +
monocrotophos
01 Alanine (Ala.) 1.20 ± 0.12 1.01 ± 0.12 0.42 ± 0.03 1.53 ± 0.27
02 Ammonia (Amm.) 0.66 ± 0.14 0.50 ± 0.03 0.12 ± 0.03 0.01 ± 0.00
03 Arginine (Arg.) 3.02 ± 0.29 1.88 ± 0.02 1.24 ± 0.10 2.48 ± 0.05
04 Aspartic acid (Asp.) 3.27 ± 0.02 2.17 ± 0.04 1.22 ± 0.02 2.24 ± 0.17
05 Cysteine (Cys.) 0.12 ± 0.04 0.07 ± 0.02 0.82 ± 0.02 0.58 ± 0.04
06 Glutamic acid (Glv.) 10.57 ± 0.10 0.11 ± 0.03 3.24 ± 0.02 12.49 ± 0.39
07 Glycine (Gyl.) 1.26 ± 0.14 1.24 ± 0.11 0.52 ± 0.03 1.02 ± 0.04
08 Histidine (Hist.) 1.26 ± 0.14 0.75 ± 0.02 0.75 ± 0.02 4.69 ± 0.23
09 Isoleucine (IIeu.) 0.71 ± 0.08 0.53 ± 0.01 NIL 0.09 ± 0.02
10 Leucine (Leu.) 1.61 ± 0.15 1.32 ± 0.06 1.03 ± 0.07 1.91 ± 0.14
11 Lycine (Lyc.) 1.25 ± 0.13 0.94 ± 0.01 7.77 ± 0.09 6.21 ± 0.21
12 Methionine (Meth.) 0.99 ± 0.10 0.17 ± 0.02 0.63 ± 0.02 0.06 ± 0.02
13 Phenylalanine (Phe.) 1.56 ± 0.09 1.15 ± 0.02 0.69 ± 0.02 1.01 ± 0.04
14 Proline (Pro.) 1.75 ± 0.04 1.75 ± 0.04 0.72 ± 0.02 NIL
15 Serine (Ser.) 1.36 ± 0.11 0.71 ± 0.03 0.40 ± 0.03 0.79 ± 0.10
16 Threonine (Thr.) 1.04 ± 0.03 0.74 ± 0.03 0.33 ± 0.02 0.92 ± 0.12
17 Tyrosine (Tyr.) 0.69 ± 0.09 0.49 ± 0.03 0.36 ± 0.03 0.87 ± 0.06
18 Valine (Val.) 1.17 ± 0.06 0.86 ± 0.07 0.03 ± 0.01 0.23 ± 0.02
TOTAL PROTEIN: 33.49 ± 0.11 16.89 ± 0.04 20.41 ± 0.03 37.13 ± 0.11
Journal of Islamic Academy of Sciences 8:1, 47-52, 1995
wheat grains in deionized water were quantitatively transferred
to the prepared column. Each extract was allowed to
absorb into column bed and then eluted with deionized water
to wash out unnecessary substances except amino acids and
then proceeded exactly as mentioned in the preceding paragraph
to get elute ready for amino acid analyzer. The amino
acid analyzer (Biotronik LC 6001 Germany) has an automatic
system with a sample injector and computing integrators for
peaks. The system involved photometric detection of ninhydrin
reacted amino acids. The photometer was attached to the
recorder, which in turn was attached to the computing integrator.
The hydrolyzed sample was dried, dissolved in the recommended
buffer solution and subjected to amino acid analysis.
Each of the 3 hydrolysates use analyzed using optimal parameters
for amino acid analyzer. A standard solution of amino
acids was used to calibrate the analyzer at least every 24
hours. The amount of amino acids in the sample was quantitatively
determined by comparison with the area of the samples
and the standard. Figures 1 and 2 show typical chromatograms
of cotton seeds and wheat grain treated with p,p'-
DDT and pirimiphos methyl respectively. Results of analysis
are presented, with standard error in Tables 1 and 2.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
No comprehensive study of the nutritional and germination
significance of different constituents in cotton
seeds and wheat grains have been carried out after
application of pesticides on these food commodities.
The present investigation focuses on the study of proteins
and particularly emphasizes the quantitative
measurement of amino acids susceptible to decomposition
during storage by the treatment of different types
of pesticides in the studied food commodities. The
49
EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON AMINO ACIDS AFRIDI, PARVEEN, MASUD
Figure 1: i) Chromatograms of a standard mixture containing 25n-moles each amino acid.
ii) Chromatograms of extracted amino acids from cotton seeds treated with pp'-DDT.
50 Journal of Islamic Academy of Sciences 8:1, 47-52, 1995
EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON AMINO ACIDS AFRIDI, PARVEEN, MASUD
amino acids estimated by amino acid analyzer are seventeen
in number including seven essential amino
acids. Tryptophan, destroyed by acid hydrolysis, could
not be determined. In most of the cases, it was noted
that the influence of pesticides on amino acids in both
the food commodities was remarkably significant. In
the treated samples under investigation in this laboratory,
the amino acids arginine, aspartic acid and glutamic
acid were estimated in much higher quantities
than other amino acids in cotton seeds, while in wheat
grain only glutamic acid and proline were present in
higher concentrations as shown in Tables 1 and 2.
In cotton seed samples treated with monocrotophos
(OP), proline was destroyed completely, while p,p'-DDT
(OC) left the same effect on isoleucine an essential
amino acid. Such effect was not observed in the samples
treated with cyhalothrin (SP), but in this case a
very significant influence was evident, showing marked
decrease in concentration of all the seventeen detected
amino acids as presented in Table 1 and Figure 1. Particularly,
the decrease was very significant in glutamic
acid and in an essential amino acid, methionine while
negligible and no effect was observed on proline and
glycine respectively. Thus, the overall decrease of
amino acids corresponded total protein by reducing it
to 16.6%. The aforesaid OC pesticide tends to increase
essential amino acids i.e. cysteine and lycine, in considerable
proportions while the rest of the amino acids
and the ammonia decrease in concentration; thus
13.08% reduction was estimated in total proteins. The
increasing tendency is very significant in seven amino
acids, particularly in cysteine, histidine and lycine, and
in appreciable amounts in alanine, glutamic acid,
leucine and tyrosine in the samples treated with
monocrotophos. Due to this reason, an increase of
3.64% in total proteins, was estimated in this case.
Generally, a reducing effect was observed on arginine,
aspartic acid, glycine, methionine, phenylalanine,
Table 2: % Age of studied amino acids in wheat grains after one month treatment with pesticides.
S1
No
Name of amino acid Wheat
control
Wheat + Chlorpyriphosmethyl
Wheat +
Pirimiphosmethyl
Wheat +
Permethrin
01 Alanine (Ala.) 0.51 ± 0.02 0.59 ± 0.04 0.69 ± 0.02 0.51 ± 0.02
02 Ammonia (Amm.) 0.08 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.01 0.82 ± 0.04
03 Arginine (Arg.) 0.06 ± 0.01 1.37 ± 0.04 1.04 ± 0.04 0.66 ± 0.02
04 Aspartic acid (Asp.) 0.03 ± 0.02 0.01 ± 0.01 NIL 0.10 ± 0.02
05 Cysteine (Cys.) 0.10 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01
06 Glutamic acid (Glv.) 2.73 ± 0.10 3.55 ± 0.10 3.68 ± 0.04 2.12 ± 0.05
07 Glycine (Gyl.) 0.79 ± 0.03 0.86 ± 0.03 0.81 ± 0.03 0.76 ± 0.03
08 Histidine (Hist.) 0.45 ± 0.02 0.82 ± 0.02 0.70 ± 0.02 0.61 ± 0.02
09 Isoleucine (IIeu.) 0.38 ± 0.02 0.45 ± 0.01 0.57 ± 0.02 0.38 ± 0.02
10 Leucine (Leu.) 1.16 ± 0.04 1.59 ± 0.04 1.42 ± 0.06 1.00 ± 0.03
11 Lycine (Lyc.) 0.44 ± 0.01 1.52 ± 0.06 1.71 ± 0.02 0.82 ± 0.03
12 Methionine (Meth.) 1.79 ± 0.05 0.62 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.01 0.54 ± 0.02
13 Phenylalanine (Phe.) 0.59 ± 0.02 1.01 ± 0.05 0.92 ± 0.03 0.82 ± 0.03
14 Proline (Pro.) 2.72 ± 0.06 2.61 ± 0.07 2.48 ± 0.04 1.62 ± 0.05
15 Serine (Ser.) 0.10 ± 0.01 0.25 ± 0.02 0.28 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.03
16 Threonine (Thr.) 0.10 ± 0.01 0.21 ± 0.02 0.17 ± 0.01 TRACES
17 Tyrosine (Tyr.) 0.22 ± 0.03 0.33 ± 0.02 0.36 ± 0.03 0.67 ± 0.02
18 Valine (Val.) 0.58 ± 0.03 0.79 ± 0.04 0.86 ± 0.03 0.39 ± 0.02
TOTAL PROTEIN: 12.83 ± 0.03 15.50 ± 0.03 16.19 ± 0.02 12.12 ± 0.03
Journal of Islamic Academy of Sciences 8:1, 47-52, 1995
serine, threonine, valine and also in ammonia in the
samples treated individually with aforesaid pesticide.
In the samples of wheat grain treated with two OPs
chlorpyriphos-methyl and pirimiphos-methyl pesticides
individually, the six essential and eight amino acids out
of a total seventeen tend to rise with pesticide concentration
as incorporated in analytical data in Table 2 and
Figure 2. Evidently, a considerable reduction and complete
destruction of aspartic acid occurred by the
effects of above mentioned OP pesticides. Deficiency
however, was observed only in methionine and proline.
Thus the total increase in amino acids was found to be
directly related to the increase of total proteins contained
in control sample by 2.67 and 3.36% respectively.
In case of permethrin (SP), the increase was
noted to be associated with arginine, aspartic acid, histidine,
serine, tyrosine, and essential amino acids lycine
and phenylalanine while no influence was observed on
alanine and isoleucine. The trace amount of threonine
and considerable decrease in concentration of leucine,
methionine, proline and valine confirms adverse effects
of permethrin on these amino acids. Insignificant influ-
51
EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON AMINO ACIDS AFRIDI, PARVEEN, MASUD
Figure 2: i) Chromatograms of a standard mixture containing 25n-moles each amino acid.
ii) Chromatograms of extracted amino acids from wheat grains treated with pirimiphos-methyl.
52 Journal of Islamic Academy of Sciences 8:1, 47-52, 1995
EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON AMINO ACIDS AFRIDI, PARVEEN, MASUD
ence was observed on the rest of the amino acids. Due
to balanced effects on the amino acids, overall reduction
in total protein occurred only by 0.71%.
It may be inferred from the analytical data that the
amino acids cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, leucine,
methionine and threonine have undergone similar
adverse effects with SP pesticides on both the commodities.
All the three studied OP pesticides left beneficial
effects on alanine, cysteine, glutamic acid,
histidine, leucine, lycine and tyrosine, while adverse
effects were observed on aspartic acid, methionine and
proline in cotton seed and wheat grain. Methionine and
proline were the only two amino acids which decreased
quantitatively by the effects of all the six pesticides
studied in samples of both the food commodities.
The analytical data of protein is very significant for
both the food commodities as the nutritive value of protein
and proteinaceous foods and food products
depend on their amino acid composition and essential
amino acid balance. SP pesticide, cyhalothrin proved
to be a very effective chemical agent as it reduced
quantitatively all the detected amino acids except proline
in the samples of cotton seeds. On the other hand,
in wheat grain, effect of another SP pesticide namely,
permethrin on amino acids was variable as it caused
both decreasing and increasing affects on eight and
seven amino acids respectively.
The influence of OP pesticides i.e. chlorpyriphosmethyl
and pirimiphos-methyl on all the amino acids in
wheat grain was found to be quite identical, while
another OP pesticide, monocrotophos, produced
adverse effects on majority of the amino acids in cotton
seed.
The OC pesticide p,p'-DDT caused decreasing
effect on all the studied amino acids present in cotton
seed samples except cysteine and lycine, both of which
increased quantitatively.
It may, therefore, be concluded that both studied SP
pesticides leave more adverse effects than studied OC
compound and cause deficiency of amino acids in both
the studied food commodities while studied OP pesticides
are found to be much milder in effects. Thus the
significant effects described above on individual amino
acids show that the studied pesticides may affect the
commodities if the period of storage is extended.
REFERENCES
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and its properties as affected by different concentrations and
application times of cycocel, Egypt, J Argon, 5:67-74, 1980.
2. Youssef BA and Heitefuss RZ : Side-effects of herbicides
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of sugars and amino acids in cotton seed and root exudates
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EV, Mironenko MV and Zhuravleva LA : Comparison of
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solis, Regul Rosta Hitan Rast, pp 165-172, 1980.
11. Womfzor JL and Shearer G : Amino acid composition of
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Correspondence:
Irshad A. K. Afridi
Department of Chemistry,
University of Karachi,
Karachi-75270,
PAKISTAN.
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sythetic pesticide

ORGANOCHLORINE, ORGANOPHOSPHORUS

AND SYNTHETIC PYRETHROID PESTICIDES

AFFECTING AMINO ACIDS IN COTTON SEEDS

AND WHEAT GRAIN DURING STORAGE

I. A. K. AFRIDI*

Z. PARVEEN*

S. Z. MASUD*

ABSTRACT

This paper presents results of the effects of studied pesticides on amino acids in cotton seeds

and wheat grains stored at the room temperature (30 ± 3°C) after pesticide treatment for one month. Each sample was analyzed in triplicate along with a control sample. The influence on amino acids, was found to be variable and significant. The analytical data, obtained by employing amino acid analyzer, showed significant quantitative variations in amino acids of both the food commodities.

Key Words: Pesticide effects, amino acids.

Chemistry

INTRODUCTION

Many scientists have studied the effects of different pesticides on total protein in cotton seeds, wheat grains and in other crops such as maize and soybeans and found quantitative variations (1-8). The nutritive value of protein and proteinaceous foods and food products depends on their amino acids composition and essential amino acids balance. Effects of some herbicides on amino acids in soybeans have been studied and it was reported that lysine increased without reducing the amount of total protein (9). In another study, the action of different herbicides on quantitative

and qualitative changes in soils was compared (10). Wolfson and Shearer (11) investigated variations in the amino acid composition in grain protein of maize grown with or without pesticides and standard commercial fertilizers. Ciszewska et. al. (12) tested six wheat varieties for effects of different herbicides, and found that results of protein and lysine varied depending on the year and the cultivars. Not much work has been reported about the effects of pesticides on amino acids in cotton seeds and wheat grains during storage. Effects of certain organochlorine (OC), organophosphorus (OP), and synthetic pyrethroid (SP) pesticides, namely, p,p'-DDT, monocrotophos and cyhalothrin respectively on cotton seeds and OP compounds (chlorpyriphos-methyl and pirimiphos-methyl) and SP one compound namely permethrin on wheat grains

have been studied, evaluated and their results are presented in this paper. The results were assessed using analytical data from trial application of studied pesticides directly to the aforesaid food commodities, stored for one month in sealed glass jars. Each sample was analyzed for amino acids in triplicate along with control sample by employing amino acid analyzer. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The analytical method of Osborne and Voogt (13) was

adapted for the determination of proteins in cotton seeds and

wheat grains. The sample of cotton seeds was taken in three

replicates for each pesticide treatment and transferred to

glass jars. Calculated amounts of monocrotophos (2 ppm),

p,p'-DDT (2 ppm) and cyhalothrin (2 ppm) separately added to

the glass jars and shaken for 3 hours. samples of wheat grain

were also treated with three grain protectants namely chlorpyriphos-

methyl, pirimiphos methyl and permethrin at recommended

dosages i.e., 10, 4 and 2 ppm respectively. The

fortified samples of both the food commodities were allowed to

stand in the sealed glass wars for one month at room temperature

(30 ± 3°C). Each fortified sample was analyzed along

with the control sample. Cotton seeds and wheat grain samples

containing 10-12 mg protein were accurately weighed

and transferred to glass culture tubes and 10 ml 6N HCI was

added. The tubes were evacuated, and sealed. The samples

were hydrolyzed at 110°C for 24 hours and filtered. Filtrates

were evaporated to near dryness by a rotary vacuum evaporator

to remove HCI and the residues in each case were dissolved

in deionized water.

The Chromatographic glass column (10 mm i. d. x 200 mm

long) was prepared with a slurry of ion exchange resin Dowex

50 W-XB (100-200 mesh) in deionized water. A mixture of

studied amino acids which are commonly fond in cotton seeds

and wheat grains, was prepared in deionized water and quantitatively

transferred to the prepared column and allowed to

settle in the column bed. The column was eluted with deionized

water and then with 3.5% ammonia in deionized water.

For complete elution, fractions of 2 ml each were collected

and checked for the presence of amino acid with ninhydrin

reagent till violet color ceased to appear. All 2 ml fractions

were then combined and evaporated nearly to dryness by a

rotary vacuum evaporator to remove ammonia and taken up in

deionized water for amino acid analyzer. A suitable aliquot of

each concentrated volume was subjected to the system of

amino acid analyzed and quantitative recovery of each studied

amino acid was determined.

The concentrated extracts of pesticide cotton seeds and

Jumat, 16 Oktober 2009

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